A+Guide+To+Women’s+History

 W o m e n ' s History

=**Colonial Era**= Anne Hutchinson is a woman who believed in antinomianism - in the idea that faith alone is necessary for salvation. She is tried for heresy and banished for challenging the teaching of the Bay Colony, because antinomianism goes against the idea that good deeds lead to salvation.
 * 1636**

Anne Hutchinson and her followers found a colony named Portsmouth. This colony is later joined with Roger Williams' colony of Providence to form Rhode Island, which offered religious freedom.
 * 1638**

=**Revolutionary Era**=
 * This era was characterized by their semi-active engagement on the issue of Britain
 * Women supported the Patriots and Loyalists during the Revolutionary War. Some women followed men into the armed camps helped with cooking and worked as nurses.
 * During this era, women maintained the colonial economy. They ran family farms and businesses, providing necessary food and clothing for the war.
 * Around this era, the idea of Republican Motherhood (the idea that women have a job in home of teaching morals and civic virtues to the future generation) emerges. Abigail Adams is a model republican mother ("Remember the Ladies"). As a result, women were granted more educational opportunities and more respect from the society.

**1773**  As an adjunct to the Sons of Liberty, women form the Daughters of Liberty; this group proved that women involvement in politics is beneficial.

**1774** North Carolina Women sign the Edenton Proclamation suggesting the Continental Congress the boycott of British goods. This helped the United States become less dependent on Britain.

=**Antibellum Era**=
 * After some type of war, women tend to rise for their rights to some degree, such as in the revolutionary war, both world wars, and in some ways the Vietnam war; they learned to become more assertive.
 * There are more job opportunities for women, but in bad conditions.

 **1790**  Judith Sargent Murray publishes her essay "On the Equality of the Sexes" in the //Massachusetts Magazine//. She describes women as "intelligent beings" who are forced to work at home, sewing garments.

**1834**  The New York Female Reform Society is founded to prevent prostitution in early 19th century. It provoked moral reform, causing many groups to form in order to eliminate prostitution and encourage sexual abstinence  The "Lowell Mill Girls" stage a strike at the mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. They promote labor reform through petitions and essays in the following years.

**1837** A national convention of female anti-slavery societies meets in New York. Sarah and Angelina Grimke object to male opposition to their antislavery activity and write //Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes//.

**1845** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Sarah Bagley establishes the Female Labor Reform Association in Lowell, Mass, as a result of the strike by the Lowell Mill Girls.

Along with the idea of "Cult of Domesticity" (the idea that the "true" women must possess the virtues of piety, purity, submission, and domesticity; the idea that women are moral leaders at home - prominent in the 19th century), the Seneca Falls Conference happens, and the Declaration of Sentiments, which listed the grievances of women and said that all men and women are created equal, is written. This was the first women's rights convention in the United States.
 * 1848**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1854** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony present a petition with 10,000 signatures demanding suffrage and married women's property rights to the New York legislature.

(also, the Second great awakening spurs up in the early years of the 19th century. This gives birth to Temperance movements, women's rights movements, and more. check "A Guide to Cultures")

=**Civil War**=
 * General chaos of the country limited the degree of women involvement for their own rights.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1863** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Women's National Loyal League is founded to encourage a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery and the granting of women's suffrage.

=**Reconstruction Era**=
 * During this post-Civil War era, many Female organizations formed as a result of the war.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1869** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Stanton and Anthony, leading the National Woman Suffrage Association, oppose ratification of the 15th amendment for the reason that it omits any mention of voting rights for women. The alliance between feminists and abolitionists disintegrates. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell found the American Woman Suffrage Association in support of the 15th Amendment.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1867** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The YWCA is founded in Boston to assist single women migrating to the cities for work.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1874** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Frances Willard founds the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which strengthens the temperance movement, once overshadowed by the issue of slavery

=**Gilded Age & Progressive Era**=
 * Not much reforms during the Gilded Age, but the Progressive Era marked a large step for women suffrage, to be specific, as states started to pass suffrage laws and female protection laws.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">**1885** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> //Good Housekeeping//, a magazine, begins publication on May 2.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">**1896** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> The National Association of Colored Women is formed. The group works against women's suffrage, the lynching, and Jim Crow Laws.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1910** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Washington state grants women the right to vote. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">**1911** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">California grants women the right to vote. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">**1912** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"> Kansas, Oregon, and Arizona grant women the right to vote.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -States pass women suffrage- **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1913** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> NAWSA stages a parade on the day of Woodrow Wilson's inauguration, in order to promote women's suffrage.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1918** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The House of Representatives passes a suffrage amendment, but it is unfortunately defeated in the Senate.

=**Roaring 20s**=
 * Country was experiencing large changes in general, which includes the 19th amendment.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1920** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The 19th amendment, guaranteeing women the right to vote, is ratified on August 26th. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*along with this political equality, women generally become more active in everything, such as jobs, fashion, politics, and more. This is demonstrated by the appearance of flappers, the idea of pleasure sex, //The Feminine Mystique//, and more.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">**1932** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"> Frances Perkins becomes the first female in the Cabinet; she is appointed the Secretary of Labor.


 * WWII**
 * Again as a pattern, minority/women revolutions or movements tend to not happen as much doing wartimes and hard years.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1940s** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Over the course of the 1940s, the median age at first marriage drops from 21.5 to 20.3 for women and from 24.3 to 22.7 for men.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1941** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> During World War II, women's participation in the workforce increases by nearly 60%, making up for the labor force loss due to the war.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1945** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Women are forced to retreat from the labor pool as men return from the war. In the auto industry, the proportion of women on the assembly lines falls from 25% to 7.5%.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1947** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Marynia Farnham and Ferdinand Lundberg publish //The Modern Woman: The Lost Sex//, in which they argue that only a return to the traditional home can restore "women's inner balance."

=**Counter-Culture Era**=
 * Height of women activism and development. numerous issues like equality and abortion, academics and such are probed.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1960** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Food and Drug Administration approves the birth control pill.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1963** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Betty Friedan publishes //The Feminine Mystique.// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Congress passes the Equal Pay Act in an attempt to eliminate the practice of paying women less for the same work performed by men.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1964** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The National Woman's Party encourages the amendment of Title VII to prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sex. The amendment is successful.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">**1965** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"> In the case of Griswold V Conn. the Supreme Court identifies a constitutional right to privacy which protects a married couple's right to use contraceptive devices.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">**1972** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"> Chisholm makes a run for the Democratic party's presidential nomination. Congress approves the (ERA) and Title IX of the Higher Education Act.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1973** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Supreme Court establishes a woman's right to legal abortion in //Roe v. Wade//.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1982** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The ERA fails to be ratified.

Works Cited Feldmeth, Gregory. AP U.S. history. 8th ed. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association, 2009. Print. Imbornoni, Ann-Marie. "Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.: Timeline of Events (1848-1920) â€” Infoplease.com." Infoplease.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. <http://www.infoplease.com/spot/womenstimeline1.html>. Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States history: preparing for the advanced placement examination. New York, N.Y.: Amsco School Publications, 2004. Print.