African-Americans+HWK,+ZP,+HY

=__African-Americans in WWII__= =Social=


 * 1941 - The army and air force refused to train African-American officers and pilots. African-Americans could only join the navy as kitchen staff.
 * 1942 - The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was established to try to end racial segregation. They used non-violent protests and sit-ins to protest segregated restaurants and theaters.
 * At the beginning of the war African-Americans could only be in the construction or support units but as the war went on there was a shortage of manpower and so they began performing combat duties.
 * By 1945 there were segregated units that African-Americans could be in, such as the Tuskegee Airmen. All services had some black officers, but there was still segregation and African-Americans and whites couldn't fight side by side.
 * Doris "Dorie" Miller was the first African-American to be awarded the Navy Cross, because in the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor. He helped his shipmates on the //U.S.S. West Virginia// by moving the injured out of harm's way and he also manned an antiaircraft machine gun and took down some Japanese airplanes.
 * After the war ended the KKK murdered many African-American war veterans.
 * The government didn't want to recruit African-American nurses to work in WWII because it would violate social norms to have African-American nurses care for white men. The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses was led by Mabel Staupers protested racial policies policies in the military and in the Army Nurse Corps. They sent African-American nurses to work in WWII. The first African-American nurse in American history was Della H. Raney.
 * In the early days of segregation the black press fought for African-American rights. In the white media African-Americans were negatively portrayed so African-Americans founded their own newspapers. When the war started the absence of African-American news in the white media caused more coverage by the black media which caused an increase in the circulation of African-American newspapers. It enhanced the political awareness of the black community and mobilized the black public opinion.

A propaganda posters that was created to try to increase African-American involvement in the war. (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart8.html)

African-American pilots that fought in WWII. (http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/#aaf) =Political=

Executive Order 8802 President Roosevelt ordered to ban racial discriminations in the national defense industries. It was first executive decree, not a law, that protected civil rights movement. The executive order was issued because of the civil rights activists Bayard Rustin, A Phillip Randolph, and A.J. Muste who had planned a march on Washington DC. The Committee on Fair Employment Practice was established by Executive Order 8802.

Double V campaign Black people were fighting against fascism in Europe and at home they were fighting discrimination.

World War Two made black people want to fight for the civil rights movement which occurred throughout the 1950's and 1960's.

=Economic=


 * A lot of jobs became available for African-Americans when the war began. The primary ethnicity of those drafted were primarily white Americans, and when they left, empty positions had to be quickly filled to fuel the rapid transformation of America into a war machine.
 * African-Americans who helped the war effort from the home front were encouraged to purchase war bonds.
 * The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) required that companies with government contracts could not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African-Americans and other minority groups get jobs in the homefront industry.

A poster that tried to get African-Americans to buy war bonds to support their troops. (http://www.africanamericanswwii.com/index.html)

=**Extra Info about the Military**= source: wikipedia.com Negroes were an important source of manpower for the armed forces in World War II as is shown by the fact that a total of **1,056,841 Negro registrants** were inducted into the armed forces through Selective Service as of December 31, 1945. Of these, These Negro inductees made up: Thus Negroes, who constituted approximately **11.0 percent of all registrants liable for service**, furnished approximately this proportion of the inductees in all branches of the service except During the period July 1, 1944-December 31, 1945, 141,294 Negroes were inducted, comprising 9.6 percent of all inductions (1,469,808) therein. Of this number: The somewhat lower proportion of Negro inductions during this period was principally due to the proportionately lower calls made upon Selective Service for Negro registrants. The Negro call for 18 months was only 135,600, or 8.3 percent of the total call (1,639,100).
 * One Million Negro Inductions**
 * 1) 885,945 went into the Army,
 * 2) 153,224 into the Navy,
 * 3) 016,005 into the Marine Corps, and
 * 4) 001,667 into the Coast Guard.
 * 1) 10.9 percent of all registrants inducted into the Army (8,108,531),
 * 2) 10.0 percent of all inductions into the Navy (1,526,250),
 * 3) 08.5 percent of all Marine Corps inductions (188,709) and
 * 4) 10.9 percent of all Coast Guard inductions (15,235).
 * 1) 103,360 went into the Army, which was 9.1 percent of all Army inductions (1,132,962).
 * 2) The Navy received 36,616 Negroes, or 11.6 percent of its inductees (316,215).
 * 3) The 1,309 Negroes going into the Marine Corps were 6.4 percent of Marine Corps inductions (20,563).
 * 4) Only 9 Negroes were inducted into the Coast Guard, but this was 13.2 percent of the inductees for this branch of service (68).

Units
Some of the most notable African American Army units which served in World War II were: Two segregated units were organized by the United States Marine Corps:
 * [|92nd Infantry Division]
 * [|366th Infantry Regiment]
 * [|93rd Infantry Division]
 * [|369th Infantry Regiment]
 * [|371st Infantry Regiment]
 * [|2nd Cavalry Division]
 * [|4th Cavalry Brigade]
 * [|9th Cavalry Regiment]
 * [|10th Cavalry Regiment]
 * [|5th Cavalry Brigade]
 * [|27th Cavalry Regiment]
 * [|28th Cavalry Regiment]
 * Air Corps Units
 * [|332d Fighter Group] ([|Tuskegee Airmen])
 * Non Divisional Units
 * Infantry Units
 * [|555th Parachute Infantry Battalion]
 * Cavalry/Armor Units
 * [|US Military Academy Cavalry Squadron]
 * [|5th Reconnaissance Squadron]
 * [|758th Tank Battalion]
 * [|761st Tank Battalion]
 * [|784th Tank Battalion]
 * Field Artillery Units
 * [|46th Field Artillery Brigade].[|[][|20][|]]
 * [|184th Field Artillery Regiment], Illinois National Guard.
 * [|333rd Field Artillery Regiment].[|[][|21][|]]
 * [|349th Field Artillery Regiment][|[][|22][|]]
 * [|350th Field Artillery Regiment][|[][|23][|]]
 * [|351st Field Artillery Regiment][|[][|24][|]]
 * [|353rd Field Artillery Regiment][|[][|25][|]]
 * [|578th Field Artillery Regiment][|[][|26][|]]
 * [|333rd Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|349th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|350th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|351st Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|353rd Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|578th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|593rd Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|594th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|595th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|596th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|597th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|598th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|599th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|600th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|686th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|777th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|795th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|930th Field Artillery Battalion], Illinois National Guard
 * [|931st Field Artillery Battalion], Illinois National Guard
 * [|969th Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|971st Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|973rd Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|993rd Field Artillery Battalion]
 * [|999th Field Artillery Battlaion]
 * Tank Destroyer Units
 * [|614th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|646th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|649th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|659th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|669th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|679th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|795th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|827th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|828th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|829th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|846th Tank Destroyer Battalion]
 * [|51st Defense Battalion]
 * [|52nd Defense Battalion]

[[|edit]] Medal of Honor recipients
Main article: [|List of African American Medal of Honor recipients] On January 13, 1997, President [|Bill Clinton], in a White House ceremony, awarded the nation's highest military honor—the Medal of Honor—to seven African-American servicemen who had served in World War II.[|[][|27][|]] The only living recipient was: The [|posthumous] recipients were:
 * First Lieutenant [|Vernon Baker].
 * Major [|Charles L. Thomas]
 * First Lieutenant [|John R. Fox]
 * Staff Sergeant [|Ruben Rivers]
 * Staff Sergeant [|Edward A. Carter, Jr.]
 * Private First Class [|Willy F. James, Jr.]
 * Private [|George Watson]