Presidential+Review


 * 1) 1 - George Washington (1789-1797) - Independent Key Events:
 * Brought in rivals to serve in his cabinet (Jefferson - Secretary of State, Hamilton - Secretary of Treasury)
 * Put down the Whiskey Rebellion - proving the federal government could enforce its acts
 * Put forth Jay's Treaty
 * Despite being an independent, he tended to favor Federalist ideals while in office
 * Famous for his Farewell Address (warned against foreign alliances and political factions)


 * 1) 2 - John Adams (1797-1801) - Federalist Key Events:
 * Jefferson was his Vice President due to the way the electoral college was set up at the time
 * Involved in the Quasi-War with France
 * Diplomatic humiliation in the XYZ Affair
 * Put forth the Alien and Sedition Acts
 * Appointed the "Midnight Judges" - leading to Marbury v. Madison


 * 1) 3 - Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) - Democratic-Republican Key Events:
 * Elected as part of the "Revolution of 1800"
 * Repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801
 * Won the Barbary War
 * Reputation hurt by the Embargo Act of 1807
 * Louisiana Purchase


 * 1) 4 - James Madison (1809-1817) - Democratic-Republican Key Events:
 * Allowed the First National Bank to expire
 * Later in office, pushed for a Second National Bank to be created
 * Dealt with the War of 1812


 * 1) 5 - James Monroe (1817-1825) - Democratic-Republican Key Events:
 * Acquired Florida
 * Missouri Compromise
 * Best known for the Monroe Doctrine (although, it wasn't called this until after he left office)
 * Ordered a campaign against the Seminoles in Florida (to be led by Andrew Jackson)


 * 1) 6 - John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) - Democratic-Republican (Later, National Republican) Key Events:
 * Elected as part of the "corrupt bargain"
 * Worked on developing the American System
 * Strong supporter of protective tariffs
 * Did little in terms of foreign affairs


 * 1) 7 - Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) - Democrat Key Events:
 * Reduced federal debt to its lowest level ever
 * Called for the abolition of the electoral college
 * Used the spoils system to give jobs to those loyal to him
 * Worked to rescind the charter for the Second National Bank
 * Had to deal with South Carolina and the Nullification Crisis
 * Went against the Supreme Court (Worchester v. Georgia) in issuing the Indian Removal Act (leading to the Trail of Tears)
 * 1) 8 - Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) - Democrat Key Events:
 * Proposed an "independent treasury"
 * Denied Texas admission to the United States
 * Was a scapegoat for all that was wrong in America (Panic of 1837, etc.)


 * 1) 9 - William Harrison (1841) - Whig Key Events: Died of pneumonia just one month after taking office.


 * 1) 10 - John Tyler (1841-1845) - Whig (later, Independent) Key Events:
 * Annexed Texas into the U.S.
 * Successfully negotiated the border between Maine and Canada (Webster-Ashburton Treaty), but could not do the same for western lands


 * 1) 11 - James Polk (1845-1849) - Democrat Key Events:
 * Committed to "Manifest Destiny" policies
 * Oversaw the acquisition of the Oregon Territory
 * Mexican-American War (territorial acquisition as a result)
 * Reduced some tariffs
 * Accused of being an instrument of "slave power"


 * 1) 12 - Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) - Whig Key Events:
 * Urged settlement of New Mexico and California
 * Died in office of natural causes


 * 1) 13 - Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) - Whig Key Events:
 * Proponent of the Compromise of 1850
 * Appointed Brigham Young as first governor of Utah
 * Admitted California to the US as part of the Compromise of 1850


 * 1) 14 - Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) - Democrat Key Events:
 * Was a "doughface" (Northerner with Southern sympathies)
 * Oversaw the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Ostend Manifesto


 * 1) 15 - James Buchanan (1857-1861) - Democrat Key Events:
 * Often battled with fellow Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, further intensifying the North-South divide
 * Widely believed (although not proven) to have influenced the Dred Scott decision
 * Despised abolitionists and members of the Free Soil Party


 * 1) 16 - Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) - Republican Key Events:
 * Rejected Crittenden Compromise
 * President during the Civil War
 * Initially fought war to preserve the Union, later supported abolition (Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amendment)
 * Assassinated shortly into his second term in office


 * 1) 17 - Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) - Democrat Key Events:
 * Was Lincoln's Vice President
 * Took charge of reconstruction until Radical Republicans took control of Congress and began Radical Reconstruction (1866)
 * Was impeached (violated the Tenure of Office Act)
 * Signed the 14th Amendment


 * 1) 18 - Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) - Republican Key Events:
 * Signed important Civil Rights legislation (15th Amendment, etc.)
 * Tenure marred by political corruption and economic depression


 * 1) 19 - Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) - Republican Key Events:
 * Came into office as part of the Compromise of 1877 - ending Reconstruction
 * Attempted some civil service reform
 * Ended the Railroad strike by ordering federal troops to fire on those striking


 * 1) 20 - James A. Garfield (1881) - Republican Key Events: Assassinated while in first year of his term of office.


 * 1) 21 - Chester Arthur (1881-1885) - Republican Key Events:
 * Pendleton Civil Service Act
 * Chinese Exclusion Act


 * 1) 22 - Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) - Democrat Key Events:
 * Dawes Act


 * 1) 23 - Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) - Republican Key Events:
 * McKinley Tariff
 * Sherman Antitrust Act
 * Gold Standard


 * 1) 24 - Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) - Democrat Key Events:
 * Panic of 1893
 * Pullman Strike

Key Events:
 * 1) 25 - William McKinley (1897-1901) - Republican
 * Spanish-American War
 * Annexation of Hawaii
 * Gold Standard Act
 * Assassinated in early 1901

Key Events:
 * 1) 25 - Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) - Republican
 * Trust-busting
 * Negotiated Coal Mine Workers Strike
 * Several pieces of Progressive Legislation (Pure Food and Drug Act, National Parks creation, etc.)
 * Gentleman's Agreement
 * Roosevelt Corollary

Key Events:
 * 1) 27 - Howard Taft (1909-1913) - Republican
 * Payne-Aldrich Tariff
 * Trust Busting
 * Interstate Commerce Act
 * 16th and 17th Amendments
 * Dollar Diplomacy
 * Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Key Events:
 * 1) 28 - Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) - Democrat
 * New Freedom
 * Federal Reserve Act
 * Clayton Antitrust Act
 * Keating-Owen Act (child labor, but later ruled unconstitutional)
 * World War I and its domestic policies (Selective Service Act, Sedition Act, etc.)

Key Events:
 * 1) 29 - Warren Harding (1921-1923) - Republican
 * "Return to Normalcy"
 * Established Bureau of Veteran Affairs
 * Teapot Dome Scandal
 * Great Railroad Strike
 * Died in 1923


 * 1) 30 - Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) - Republican

Key Events:
 * "Roaring Twenties"
 * Staunch supporter of "lassiez faire" policy


 * 1) 31 - Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) - Republican

Key Events:
 * In office for Black Tuesday, which led to the Great Depression
 * Believed government should not get involved, but advocated for volunteerism
 * Bonus Army marched to Washington


 * 1) 32 - Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) - Democrat

Key Events:
 * New Deal Programs (emphasis on relief, recovery, and reform)
 * Isolationist (for most of his first two terms)
 * Declared war on Japan after Pearl Harbor
 * Died in office in during his fourth term, shortly before the end of WWII


 * 1) 33 - Harry Truman (1945-1953) - Democrat

Key Events:
 * Made decision to use atomic bombs on Japan, ending WWII
 * Implemented Fair Deal (domestically), Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine (internationally)
 * In office for Berlin Airlift, Korean War, foundation of NATO and UN, and McCarthyism
 * Desegregated the military


 * 1) 34 - Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) - Republican

Key Events:
 * Interstate Highway System
 * Authorized CIA-led coups in Cuba, Guatemala, and Iran
 * Established the Eisenhower Doctrine in terms of responses to communism (massive retaliation)


 * 1) 35 - John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) - Democrat

Key Events:
 * New Frontier Program
 * President during Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis
 * Began to author Civil Rights legislation, was assassinated before it was passed

Key Events:
 * 1) 36 - Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) - Democrat
 * Signed Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 and Voting Rights Act of 1965
 * Great Society Program
 * Established Medicare and Medicaid
 * Grew unpopular due to growing involvement in Vietnam War
 * Declared "war on poverty"


 * 1) 37 - Richard Nixon (1969-1974) - Republican

Key Events:
 * Established Vietnamization policy, but also authorized bombings in Cambodia
 * Passed many pieces of environmental legislation
 * First president to visit China
 * Active in women's rights legislation (Title IX, etc.)
 * Resigned after the Watergate Scandal


 * 1) 38 - Gerald Ford (1974-1977) - Republican

Key Events:
 * Pardoned Nixon for crimes
 * End of the Vietnam War


 * 1) 39 - Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) - Democrat

Key Events:
 * Created Departments of Education and Energy
 * Plagued by stagflation in the economy and Iran Hostage Crisis
 * Signed SALT II (not ratified by the Senate), Camp David Accords and Panama Canal Treaty
 * Founded Habitat for Humanity after leaving office


 * 1) 40 - Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) - Republican

Key Events:
 * Instituted "Reaganomics" for dealing with the economy
 * Negotiated the INF Treaty with USSR
 * In office for the Iran-Contra Affair, 1986 bombing in Libya, and events leading to the end of the Cold War


 * 1) 41 - George H.W. Bush (1989-1993) - Republican

Key Events:
 * Conducted military operations in Panama and Iraq
 * In office for the Fall of the Berlin Wall and break up of the Soviet Union

Key Events:
 * 1) 42 - Bill Clinton (1993-2001) - Democrat
 * Passed NAFTA and the Brady Bill (gun control)
 * Plagued by Whitewater Scandal and the Monica Lewinsky Affair
 * Left office with one of the highest approval ratings ever

Key Events:
 * 1) 43 - George W. Bush (2001-2009) - Republican
 * In office for the Sept. 11th attacks
 * Iraq War and US invasion of Afghanistan
 * Declared War on Terror and signed No Child Left Behind into law (education reform)
 * Economy went into a recession towards the end of his tenure of office


 * 1) 44 - Barack Obama (2009 - Present) - Democrat

Key Events:
 * First African-American elected as president
 * Signed health care reform into law