A+Guide+To+Business,+Industry,+and+Labor

 By 1760s, England had substantial trade with America -- but they wanted to preserve their local industries so they only allowed America to basically thrive mostly on agriculture.
 * DEVELOPMENT OF THE THREE DIFFERENT PARTS IN THE COLONIES (1700s) **

 North/New England Colonies:  The soil was poor and the winters were long, which meant that farmers just farmed what they needed for their families. Their farms were small (apparently 100 acres is small) and time to time they would hire somebody to help them.  The Puritan settled colonies profited mostly from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, and rum distilling.

 Middle Colonies:  The soil was very fertile and farmers from Europe were attracted there to farm.  They mostly produced wheat and corn that would be exported to Europe and the West Indies.  Servants and indentured servants were often used to help the farmers in their agricultural practices.  The one form of manufacturing they did have, though, was iron-making -- but this was not like the north who relied on industry more than agriculture.

 The also traded extensively enough to create large cities.

 Southern Colonies:  Agriculture in the south was a mixture of the northern and middle colonies.  Some farms were only subsistence farms while other farms were HUGE and were mainly there to make cash crops.  Chesapeake and North Carolina had tobacco as their big money maker. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> South Carolina and Georgia had rice and indigo as their big money maker. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Carolinas sold naval products like timber and tar.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This marks the point where the north begins to rely more heavily on industries and the south focuses on agriculture.
 * <span style="color: #006e91; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> POST CONSTITUTION **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Products were usually made in homes but these were transferred to factories. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Important invention: spinning and weaving machines powered by water ways which was then replaced by steam power.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> INDUSTRIALIZATION (1820 - 1870) **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Steam is powerful enough that it would create innovational future industries.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Inventions: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1794: Eli Whitney makes the cotton gin -- this completely changes the cotton industry, allowing cloth to be produced faster. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- This opened the south as the "King Cotton" and people would quickly move between states because the crop would deplete the soil. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1846: Elias Howe invents the sewing machine and now clothes are made outside of homes.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Because of these inventions people moved to cities because they wanted work. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1825: There was the first strike in Boston for a 10 hour work time.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> But there were advances in farming as well: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Cyrus McCormick created the reaper for grain harvest. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1837: John Deere created the steel plow to help seeding.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Communication had a boost with Samuel Morse creating the telegraph in 1844 which expanded greatly.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Transportation: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Cumberland Road, the first national road began to be made in 1811. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Creation of steamboats by Robert Fulton because of Jame's Watt's steam engine. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Erie Canal was created with turnpikes and a network of canals and it connected the east coast to the Great Lakes areas.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">By 1869, the transcontinental railroad was complete and connected farms with raw materials with factories who would process them.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> By the Civil War, most of the country relied on these new inventions and technological jumps.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Mainly both the North and South had both a slow down and an increase in local industries. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Since it's a war, there wasn't much happening -- people were working towards supplying for the war.
 * <span style="color: #808080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> CIVIL WAR (1861-1865) **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This was the closing of the Western Frontier. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Some 430 millions acres of land was occupied in the far west -- more than any land that was occupied in the last 250 years
 * <span style="color: #92ac00; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> GILDED AGE (1877-1900) **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This marked the beginning of the modern industrial economy.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Corporations became the major form of business -- a transformation from local businesses there used to be. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Per capita income was the highest of the world except for Great Britain -- people were working long, hard hours to maintain this new economy. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This would lead to the formation of labour unions as people were getting fed up with the conditions.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">June 25, 1868 - the gov't enacts an 8 hour work day for people employed by the gov't <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">14th Amendment - grants citizenship to anyone born within the US

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">By 1869, the transcontinental railroad was complete - ending the notion of the Western Frontier

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">by 1870, the American population went over 32 million people <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">by this time, Rockefeller creates the Standard Oil of Ohio -- and his business is just going to get bigger

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">PANIC OF 1873 - some 5183 businesses fail because of this economic turn down <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">this weakens the Republican party allowing the Democratic party to gain power in 1874 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">this marks the ending of the Reconstruction <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">these business failures and unemployment made the population demand the government to reduce spendings. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1874: The Tompkins Square Riot, where thousands of workers demonstrated in New York's Tompkins Square Park. Police were dispatched and thousands of casualties occurred.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Civil Rights Act of 1875 - forbids state-imposed discrimination, but individuals and corporations can still discriminate.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">1877 - Rutherford Hayes becomes president <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Great Railroad Strikes -- up to 60,000 militia were sent to control this strike (people were striking because of wages and work conditions) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1884: The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (a forerunner of the AF of L) passed a resolution stating that "8 hours shall constitute a legal day's work from and after May 1, 1886." which caused a rise in revolt. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1886: The Knights of Labor have an enormous increase in workers (up to 700,000), working towards an 8 hour pay, rejecting socialism and radicalism. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> - They excepted blacks and women but rejected doctors, lawyers or any white collar worker because they considered them "unproductive." <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1886: Haymarket Affair in Chicago had initially passive strikes, but a bomb was thrown, causing civil unrest. It was a setback for any labor unions wanting a shorter work day. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> - It was the symbol of injustice and inequality of a capitalists nation. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1896: Militia is sent to the coal strike in Leadville, Colorado to end the strike. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Coal Strike of 1902 had over 100,000 laborers go on strike in Pennsylvania that eventually yielded the government giving more pay and shorter working hours. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="color: #c9005d; display: block; font: normal normal normal 17px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">**PROGRESSIVE ERA (1901 - 1918):** REFORMS.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> With the assassination of McKinley in September 1901, Progressivism started as Theodore Roosevelt took office.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">The Progressive Era is a crucial point in American history of business, industry and labour because for the first time, during this era, the government intervened with the relationship between labour and industry that had disintegrated during the Gilded Age, while endeavoring to preserve the values of American capitalism.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> Causes of the Progressivism (with regards to development in labour, business and industry: -The Gilded Age when the second wave of industrialization took place in the Panic of 1893. <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Clearly, the government had to do something about it.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Uncontrolled capitalism: “Laissez-faire” led to monopolies of businesses, destruction of natural resources, neglect of human rights.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Basically, the wretched urban regions of the country, rampant with crimes, poverty, misery.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">And do something they did.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Let’s go back to Teddy Roosevelt - the man who started it all.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> He himself was born into a rich family but he did not hold back his beliefs on the poor working class of America. He hated the bad trusts that tipped off the safe capitalistic balance. So he started something called TRUST BUSTING, where he would take all trusts he deemed unsafe - evil - in American capitalism (the ones that harmed the public and stifled competition) And he showed that he was a man of his words when he used the Justice Department to prosecute trusts that were exploiting the public in various occasions such as the //Northern Securities case of 1904.// <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> IN CASE YOU DIDN’T KNOW: //Northern Securities case of 1904//: when the Supreme Court gave Roosevelt to bust the railroad monopoly. In fact, the railroad monopoly was bothering him so much that he passed two more laws to strengthen the regulatory powers of the Interstate commerce Commission (ICC):

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> - //Elkins Act (1903)// - ICC could stop railroads from granting rebates to favoured customers - those jerks. - //Hepburn Act (1906)// - ICC could fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> TR was also keen on protecting consumers (that’s us in the 1900s). After he read The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, he, as well as the public, was so scared about a thumb that might end up in their chile con carne that he passed these two laws to improve the food and drug industries of America (THANK GOD):


 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906):// forbade the manufacture, sale and transportation of adulterated or mislaelled foods and drugs
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//The Meat Inspection Act (1906):// the federal inspectors will now visit meatpacking plants to ensure sanitary working conditions. No more thumbs in cans or blood on the floor.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> Another surest way to refine American capitalism was to cater to the labour workers, who had been fighting their employers for economic and human rights for the past several decades. So TR decided to do something about it. He did not particularly favour labour nor business but he did enforce a **//Square Deal//** for both. In 1902, he settled a dispute between a labour union in a coal mine and the owners of the coal mine when the workers went on a strike. TR knew that if these guys went on a strike, no one would have coal in America.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">So he threatened to sic his federal troops on mine owners. And now the miners had a 10% wage increase and shortened working hours to nine a day.

KEY EVENT: The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire was the deadliest industrial disaster of its time. At least 146 women and men died (mostly Italian and Jewish immigrants) and concern was raised over the safety of factories and the wellbeing of workers.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> But Teddy didn’t stop there. The guy even bothered to care about the environment. Yes, //even when railroads were considered cool, the human kind managed to destroy the environment.//

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">These are some of the things he did about the environment:


 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Forest Reserve Act (1891):// This was not passed under his administration, but TR did refer to it repeatedly to set aside 150 million acres worth of federal land at a national reserve that could not be sold to private interests.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Newlands Reclamation Act (1902):// the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states was provided.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">a //National Conservation Commission (1908)// was established.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> And now, the industries couldn’t go around killing trees and fish as they did during the Gilded Age. The next guy in office was William Howard Taft (1908), who defeated the Democrats campaigner William Jennings Bryan (the Cross of Gold guy).

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Taft hated trusts even more than TR. He ordered prosecution of almost twice the number of anti trust cases as Roosevelt (ex. against US Steel, which was actually approved by TR. This made Rooselvelt really mad.) Here is a list of the things Taft achieved during his term regarding labour, industry and business:

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//- Mann-Elkins Act (1910)//: ICC now had the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph and cable companies.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Sixteenth Amendment (1913):// income tax was established, as the Populists first proposed in 1892 platform.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> Around this time, the Socialist Party (originally called the Socialist Labour Party in 1897 was formed (1901). It wanted various radical reforms regarding labour and wages, that the Progressives wanted to distance themselves from but some socialist ideas were accepted: eight-hour workday, and pensions for employees.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">But Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the Election of 1912. He had his own idea of progressivism called New Freedom, which tackled the “three triple wall of privilege”: TARIFFS, BANKING, TRUSTS.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> **TARIFFS** He hated tariffs. //Underwood Tariff// in 1933 significantly lowered tariffs for the first time in 50 years. Graduated income tax rate of 1 - 6% was also included in this bill.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> **BANKING** He believed that the gold standard was inflexible and that banks were too influenced by the stockbrokers on Wall Street. So he passed the Federal Reserve Act (1914), which established dollar bills - Federal Reserve Notes - provided by the federally regulated banking system.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> **TRUSTS** He hated trusts.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Clayton Antitrust Act:// strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act. The labour unions were not considered trusts in the new law.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Federal Trade Commission:// The new regulatory agency was now able to investigate and take action against any “unfair trade practice” in every industry except banking and transportation.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">At first, WW didn’t want to play any favouritism. Then he figured some was necessary. So he passed these:


 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Federal Farm Loan Act (1916):// Farm loans at lowest interests were provided by the federal farm loan banks.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Child Labour Act (1916):// prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old. But it was found unconstitutional in the 1918 case of //Hammer v. Dagenhart//. Hmm..

<span style="color: #00a2da; display: block; font: normal normal normal 17px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">**WORLD WAR I:** BOOMING OF WAR INDUSTRY.

<span style="color: #ffca00; display: block; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> **BACK TO NORMALCY:** BUSINESS OF AMERICA IS BUSINESS.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> And now suddenly, Harding asserted that the American people wanted everything “back to normalcy.”

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> So after all that, the US decided to retreat its steps and plunge right back into the Gilded Age. Remember when the businesses flourished and labour workers got really mad? Yeah. Same thing happened during this time. Between 1919 and 1929, a BUSINESS BOOM took place following several causes:

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Sounds familiar, yet?
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Increased productivity//: Yes, mass production and assembly line.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Energy technologies//: oil and electricity.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Government policy//: corporate tax cuts and no more anti trust laws.

<span style="color: #ffca00; display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Get this: labour problems.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">But now, because of about two decades of experience, the employers were even more sneaky now. Open shop was practiced and so the membership in labour unions dropped. Strikes usually failed and various labour laws were nullified. Great.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> As for industries, the business boom affected the newly developing consumer industries, paving way for AMERICAN CONSUMERISM.

<span style="color: #b16600; display: block; font: normal normal normal 17px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">**THE GREAT DEPRESSION:** FAIL.

<span style="color: #006e91; display: block; font: normal normal normal 17px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">**THE NEW DEAL:** RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Hey, TR’s cousin is now president! And he proposed the New Deal to fix the Great Depression. So here’s what he did for industrial RECOVERY:
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">combine the immediate relief and long-term reform with the //National Recovery Administration (NRA)//. Directed by Hugh Johnson, it tried to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labour.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Anti-trust laws were temporary suspended.//
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//NRA// helped each industry to set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production and prices of finished goods.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">the workers had the right to organize and bargain collectively

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">But, of course, after two years, the Supreme Court declared the NRA unconstitutional in Schechter v. US.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> And for RELIEF:


 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//WPA// to create jobs for people.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//National Youth Administration// to make sure people stay in school before getting a job.

<span style="color: #008cb7; display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">For REFORM:


 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//Wagner Act (1935):// National Labour Relations Law: replaced the labour provisions of the National Industrial Recovery At after that law was declared unconstitutional. It basically guaranteed a worker’s right to join a union and a union’s right to bargain collectively. It also outlawed business practices that were unfair to labour.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">//National Labour Relations Board// was empowered to enforce the law and make sure that the workers’ rights were protected.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Yay! Everything is official now.

<span style="color: #92ac00; display: block; font: normal normal normal 17px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">**WORLD WAR II:** DURING WAR, NO STRIKES. EVERYTHING IS WAR. PAUSE.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Everything was regulated during the Second World War. But it was mutually understood that the workers should not strike in times of war.

<span style="color: #dfc3ff; display: block; font: normal normal normal 17px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">**POST WAR AMERICA (1945 - 1952):** RESUME.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> After this ginormous war, the workers and the businesses had to catch up to the big pause in their productivity - with various connotations. The President ( Truman now) had to sic his troops again to get the Miners off strike. But they were about two years behind for their paycheck, after all.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> As for the regulation of business after the war, //Taft-Hartley Act (1947)// was passed by the Congress despite Truman’s veto. He called it a “slave labour bill.” Let’s see how bad it is.


 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Outlawed the closed shop (contract requiring workers to join a union before //being// hired).
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Permitted states to pass “right to work” laws outlawing the union shop (ditto //after// ditto).
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Outlawed secondary boycotts (the practice of several unions by giving support to a striking union by joining a boycott of a company’s products)
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Gave the president the power to invoke an 80-day cooling off period before a strike endangering the national safety could be called.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">I don’t know. It honestly looks pretty reasonable to me.

<span style="color: #240054; display: block; font: normal normal normal 17px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">**COLD WAR:** NOTHING TOO NEW.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Fighting communist ideas in workers was the biggest thing during this time.

<span style="color: #240054; display: block; font: normal normal normal 17px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">**CITATIONS**

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"> Newman, John, and John Schmalbach. United States History. New York: AMSCO, 2003. Print. "An Eclectic List of Events in U.S. Labor History." al's home page. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2011. <http://www.lutins.org/labor.html>.