Culture

=CULTURE= = =

= =

= __**Religion**__ =

 Puritanism — Calvinism (predestination, essential nature of infants was evil, strict rules) — First Great Awakening (within church members) • Jonathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God) • George Whitefield
 * Early Colonial Era**

 Quakers — William Penn's "Holy Experiment" • Set up Pennsylvania (religiously free)

 Catholic —Lord Baltimore's Maryland Act of Toleration

Towards / post Revolutionary Era  Enlightenment — Deism (salvation through good work, human nature are essentially good) — Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason (1794) — Number of founding fathers became Deist (Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin) — Unitarian Protestant sect believed in Deism

 Romanticism at Europe — Emotion over logic — contemplation of natural scenes would lead to realization of fundamental truths

 Transcendentalism (Romanticism's American version, truth is beyond what can be discovered using evidence acquired by the senses) — Ralph Waldo Emerson — Henry David Thoreau • Walden

 Second Great Awakening 19th century (also out of church members) — Timothy Dwight: thinking American culture is too secular, started several emotional & religious lectures, arousing Second Great Awakening

— CAMP MEETINGS: social outlets for people

— IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN: While men had lots of other social outlets, the camp meetings were basically all they had for social outlet. Female constituency UPUP. They participated religious activities much more than men. (viewed as moral centre of family). Because churches realized women were important in making their religion strong, they recognized women as spiritually equal/superior to men. Led to lots of women reform movements.

— BLACKS: slaves and freed men could attend segregated camp meetings. — New York's "burned-over district" : such a strong religious fervor.

— Preachers: •William Miller (Millerite Movement) • Charles Finney

— Wealthy people's religion : Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Unitarian — Poor/ frontier people's religion : Baptist and Methodist


 * All these churches were divided over slavery issue toward the American Civil War**

 Mormons: founded by Joseph Smith, developed by Brigham Young — Polygamy made them get kicked out. Went to Utah.



__**Literature**__
__Transcendentalist__ -The major themes were that people were protesting against the society and the authors were seeking answers to questions through nature. ex)
 * Ralph Waldo Emerson** wrote = "Self Reliance" -> The book itself talked about the self reliance and confidence in people.
 * Henry David Thoreau** wrote = "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience" -> These two novels affected Martin Luther King Junior in the future because Martin Luther King Jr. tried to get Civil Rights through civil disobedience.
 * Margaret Fuller** wrote = "The Great Lawsuit" -> She was a woman writer during the 19th century and she was seeking suffrage of the women.
 * Emily Dickinson** wrote = "Death Sets a Thing of Significant" -> She tried to be against the society and have somethings related to nature in her novels.
 * Walt Whitman** wrote = "A Noiseless Patient Spider" -> He was a transcendentalist who sought answers through the nature.

__Antebellum__ -The themes were usually about the issue of slavery and dark romanticism, which was talking about the darkness and guiltiness in the society. ex)
 * Frederick Douglas** wrote = "The Autobiographies of Frederick Douglas" -> An African American writer who talked about the severeness of slavery in the south. People felt sympathy for him.
 * Nathaniel Hawthorne** wrote = "Scarlet Letter" -> A Dark Romantic writer about the sin, knowledge, and human condition. Most importantly this novel showed that human are naturally evil.
 * Edgar Allan Poe** wrote = "Raven" -> A Dark Romantic writer who wrote about the guiltiness and opposite of romanticism. Romanticism portrayed the beauty of society, while Edgar Allan Poe showed the dark side.
 * Harriet Beecher Stowe** wrote = "Uncle Tom's Cabin" -> This novel was about the slavery. Most importantly, this demonstrated the severeness of slavery and it was one of the best sold book in America. Therefore, it was very important to gain sympathy from the Americans.

__Realists__ -The themes of Realist writers were: Portraying people's real life. Therefore there were a lot of topics about slavery and new immigrants. ex)
 * Mark Twain** wrote = "Adventures of Huckberry Finn" -> demonstrated the slavery in America and how the education was affecting children during the nineteenth century.
 * Jane Addams** wrote = "My Twenty Years at Hull House" -> showed the Social Gospel Movement, which was applying Christian ideas to help the society.
 * Dubois W.E.B** wrote = "The Soul of Black Folk" -> He believed that African Americans would gain their Civil Rights first and then jobs.
 * Washington Booker T.** Wrote = "Up from Slavery" -> There was no longer slavery and he believed that through getting jobs Americans Americans were able to get their civil rights.
 * Jacob Riis** wrote = "How the Other Half Lives" -> written during the Gilded Age and showed how the new immigrants were surviving in America. This novel helps to lead to the Progressive Movement.
 * Upton Sinclair** wrote = "The Jungle" -> written during the Progressive Era and talked about the harsh condition in factories and work places. -> Increases the Progressive Movement.

__Lost Generation Writers (Literary Movement after World War I)__ -The themes of Lost Generation writers were: //Anti-War, Anti-Materialism, and Anti-Conformity// ex) "Main Street" -> Anti-Materialism novel (Talking about middle class in the cities during the 1920's) "It Can't Happen Here" -> Talks about the Danger of Communism in United States
 * Ernest Hemingway** wrote = "Farewell to Arms" -> Anti-War novel
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald** wrote = "The Great Gatsby" -> Anti-Materialism novel
 * Sinclair Lewis** wrote = "Babbit" -> Anti-Materialsm novel
 * HL Mencken** wrote = satires criticizing American Culture

__Harlem Renaissance__ -There was outpouring of black culture in Harlem -> ex) Art and Literature This represented the **BLACK PRIDE** ex)
 * Langston Hughes** was a Harlem Renaissance poet
 * Zora Neal Hurston** wrote = "Their Eyes Were Watching God"

__Beat Generation Writers (Literary Movement after World War II)__ -These writer were called the **Beatniks** (who followed counterculture) ex) Writers used a lot of drugs and alcohol
 * Jack Kerouac** wrote = "On the Road" -> Youth Rebellion
 * Aldous Huxley** wrote = "Door of Preception" -> Anti-Conformity
 * Allen Ginsberg** = "Howl" -> Anti-Conformity

__Youthful Rebellion__ -**James Dean** = A rebel without a cause (shows children did what they want) -**Marlon Brando** = A street car named desire (actors) -> Youthful Rebellion -Beat Generation -Drag Racing -Rock and Roll ex) **Elvis Presley** -> This is a change in music style because there is a unique dance that Elvis had. -> Older Generation did not like this because they were conservative. Writers during the 1950s (Youthful Rebellion) 1. **John Kenneth Galbrieth** wrote = "The Affluent Society" -> Anti conformity 2. **Sloan Wilson** wrote = "The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit" - Anti materialism 3. **David Riesman** wrote = "The Lonely Crowd" - Anti conformity

__Environment__ -Themes were about protecting the environment during the 1950s and 1960s ex) -> The effect of this novel were extreme President Nixon created -Earth Day -Environment Protection Agency -Clean Air Act -Endangered Species Act
 * Rachel Carson** = "Silent Spring" -> Protection of the environment (Danger of pesticide in the environment)

__**Art**__
__Late 1700s – early 1800s__: primarily painted landscapes and portraits realistically

__Industrial Revolution (1700s – 1800s)__: brought about the American craft movement; individuals strove to fight against the rigid formality of the industrial work line

__Jacksonian Era & Antebellum Period (1820 – 1860)__: democracy for the individual man → genre painting (common people in various settings); romantic fascination with nature (Hudson River School); realization of the New World's own unique subjects → emphasis on the heroic beauty of American landscapes  - artists: George Caleb Bingham (everyday lives), William S. Mount



__Growth of Cities (1865 – 1900)__: new emphasis on realism (social realism = paintings of life in poor neighborhoods); continuation of romantic subjects due to popular demand; increasing demand for a variety of musical tastes; New Orleans = center of African-American innovation; dramatic change in direction of American architecture = ranging from massive Romanesque stone walls and rounded arches to tall, steel-frames  - painters: Winslow Homer (matter-of-fact rendering of nature), Thomas Eakins (everyday lives of the working-class; realistic human anatomy)  - jazz musicians: Jelly Roll Morton, Buddy Bolden, Scott Joplin ("Maple Leaf Rag")  - architects: Henry Hobson Richardson (Romanesque style), Daniel H. Burnham (Greek & Roman), Louis Sullivan (tall & steel), Frank Lloyd Wright ("organic" & harmonious with nature), Frederick Law Olmsted (urban planning)



__Jazz Age & the Harlem Renaissance 1920s__: rebellious nature of jazz = "new" and "modern" city culture; largely made available by the proliferation of phonographs and radios; influx of talented African-American actors, artists, musicians, and writers; rekindling of African roots  - poets: Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay  - jazz musicians & artists: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Paul Robeson



__Rock 'n' Roll (1950s)__: popular music revolutionized by new technologies that made records affordable; blend of African-American rhythm and blues + white country music  - singers: Elvis Presley ("the gyrator")



__Modernist Movement (1950s)__: follow neither form nor function = denounced the "carefree" lifestyle of the after years of war  - artists: Andy Warhol, Jackson Pollock



__**REFORMS, CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS & GENERAL CULTURE TREND**__


 * Utopian Movements**

New Harmony: Robert Owen — perished due to lack of harmony (ironic)

Brook Farm: — Transcendental value.. lots of scholars went there including Emerson.

Shaker: Ann Lee —celibacy, communal holding of property, high ideals..

Oneida Community: John Humphrey Noyes — free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parent — prospered due to successful silver economy.

Antebellum Reform period

 Caused by Second Great Awakening.. — Lots of women participated in various reform movements • Dorothea Dix = reform for mentally impaired.. as a result government set up hospitals for mentally ill people. • Catharine Beecher = encouraged women to be teachers (because it's their "natural" roles. • Amelia Bloomer = changed dress code of women (shorter) ---women's temperance movement •Carrie Nation •Women's Christian Temperance Union - Women's equality movement -- •Sarah and Angelina Grimke's movement æ Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and Conditions of Women •Sojourn Truth (former slave): both abolition and women rights •Margaret Fuller •Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony = Seneca Falls Convention and "Declaration of Sentiments"

— Thomas Gallaudet - school for deaf — Samuel Howe - school for blind — Horace Mann - education revolution… set up lots of schools, improved teacher training. (education lagged in South and West though) — Comstock Law = prohibited mailing lewd materials.

— Abolition Movement • William Lloyd Garrison's Liberator • Frederick Douglass's The Autobiography of the Life of Frederick Douglas • John Brown's Harper's Ferry • Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin • Hinton Helper's Impending Crisis of the South


 * Some women embraced women's domestic role: Catharine Beecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of young Ladies, or Sarah Hale's Godey's Lady's Book.

If antebellum immigrants were mostly from Western Europe, post Civil War era's immigrants were from South, eastern Europe. Lots of Chinese and Japanese came as well.
 * Growth Of Cities**

 Growth of Nativism: — Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 — Ellis Island made it harder to get through US

 Changing cities —Streetcar cities • wealthy people moved out to streetcar cities æ Brooklyn Bridge made longer commute possible —Skyscrapers æ William Le Baron Jenny built tall buildings

 Problems of cities — "ghettos" —diseases —mostly immigrants, poor people REACTION: Jane Addams' Hull House, Social Gospel, Moody's Bible Institute, Mary Baker Eddy's Christian Science, Salvation Army


 * In cities, children were liabilities, not asset. Decrease in family size *

 Growth of suburbs: — Frederick Olmsted designed good suburban communities.

 Education — rise of kindergarten — tax-supported public high schools — Morill acts of 1862 and 1890 = built colleges.

 The Census of 1920 = more people in urban than rural
 * ROARING '20s**

 Consumerism —Henry Ford's T-model (assembly line) • every american family owned one car by the end of the decade • growth of radio

 Heroes — Babe Ruth = baseball star — Bobby Jones = golf star — Charles Lindbergh = aviator

 Women — 19th Amendment (1920). Still, voting pattern did not change because most women followed their husband's choice — Still largely domestic roles… — Margaret Sanger = birth control — young generation's flapper look

 Rise of Nativism — KKK —Case of Sacco and Vanzetti = discriminatory court decision — Quota laws = set limits to nationalities of immigrants

 Civil rights movement —Brown v. Board of Education = segregation is unconstitutional! • Little Rock Central HIgh School = 9 black students went in to this previously white school. — Montgomery Bus Boycott = Rosa Parks refused to conform to the state segregation laws. — Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) by Martin Luther King Jr. — Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) = sit-in movements…
 * 1950s**

 Second consumerism — TV! — paperbacks and records — increase in advertisement — Disneyland!


 * religion became more secular… trillion as a source of identity and socialization.*

 Women —Dr. Benjamin Spock's Baby and Child Care, increase in domestic appliances. • women were becoming more domestic. — lower wages than men..

 Environment Movement —Rachel Carson's Silent Spring — Lady Bird Johnson's "Beautify America" campaign
 * 1960s:**

 Civil Rights: — Civil Rights Act of 1964 = segregation illegal in all public facilities — Voting Rights Act of 1965 = ended literacy test, and enabled blacks to vote ( many blacks were able to vote because of this for the first time) — 24th Amendment = prohibited poll taxes — March on Washington = wanted desegregation! — March on Montgomery = wanted voting rights! led to voting rights act —Black Muslims by Elijah Muhammad = black nationalism, separatism.. — Malcolm X and his Bullet of Ballot = violence if necessary — Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) = similar to Black Muslim — Black Panthers = similar to Black Muslim • Watts Riot

— Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) by Tom Hayden • New Left • Democracy in universities!!

 Counterculture — Hippies (drugs~ free love~ free life~) — Rock and Roll music • Rolling Stones, Beatles

 Women — Betty Friedan's Th Feminine Mystique — National Organization for Women (NOW) • Equal Pay Act of 1963 • Civil Rights Act of 1964

— Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • got defeated in the 1970s due to rising conservatism

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