Chapter+8+Reading+Objectives+and+Notes

The Second Great Awakening Significance of the Jefferson Presidency Expansion into the Trans-Appalachian West; American Indian Resistance Growth of slavery and free Black communities The War of 1812 and its consequences
 * __AP Topics__**


 * __Reading Objectives__**

After reading this chapter, you should be able to...
 * 1) Describe the condition and advances of the American economy in this era.
 * 2) **List the goals of Jefferson as president and evaluate his success in accomplishing them.**
 * 3) Explain the circumstances and consequences of the Louisiana Purchase.
 * 4) **Describe the background, results, and significance of the Marbury v. Madison decision (1803).**
 * 5) List and explain the sources of political dissension with which Jefferson had to contend.
 * 6) Evaluate the success of American efforts to end the slave trade.
 * 7) Explain the reasons for the failure of American foreign policy in preventing the War of 1812.
 * 8) **Analyze the causes, conduct, and outcome of the War of 1812.**
 * 9) Account for James Madison's ineffectiveness as president.
 * 10) **Discuss the reasons for the ultimate demise of the Federalist party during this era.**

__**Chapter Summary**__ Jeffersonian democrats theoretically declared their passion for liberty and equality. Nonetheless, they lived in a society whose members accepted slavery and sought to remove Native Americans from the path of the White man's progress. Jeffersonians also insisted upon a strict interpretation of the constitution, peaceful foreign relations, and reduction of the size and powers of the federal government. As president, however, Jefferson interpreted the Constitution broadly to accommodate the Louisiana Purchase, increased federal power to enforce the embargo of 1807, and led the country to the brink of war. Some Americans praised Jefferson's pragmatism; others felt betrayed. //**Regional Identity In A New Republic**// Substantial population growth, improved regional transportation links, and attacks on the institution of slavery contributed to and ignited a growing sense of regionalism. Powerful sectional sentiment begun bubbling to undermine national unity. The trans-Appalachian West’s rich soil and developing system of water transportation fostered substantial growth after 1790. Earlier settlers had been mostly men; these new settlers, however, often traveled as families. Native Americans offered some resistance efforts, especially by Tenskawatawa and his brother Tecumseh. The onrushing settlers, nonetheless, overwhelmed resistance efforts. Agriculture and the shipping industry instigated economic growth in the United States before 1820. These trades’ successes diverted investment away from more risky manufacturing ventures, although innovations did appear in the textile industry. American workers often felt threatened by innovative machines, and feared reduced wages, loss of independence, and loss of social status. American cities were small, and contained only 7 percent of the nation’s population. These urban regions served primarily as international trade depots. //**Jefferson as President**// Although shy and introspective, Thomas Jefferson proved to be a capable and pragmatic president. Federalists failed to maintain power because they were reluctant to adopt popular campaigning techniques, resisted territorial expansion, and opposed the War of 1812. An astute and successful politician, Jefferson accomplished most of his early goals by reducing federal bureaucracy, taxes, and military spending. He regarded a large federal deficit as dangerous to republican institutions and a large military presence as liable to provoke hostilities. Due to fortuitous international events, Jefferson doubled United States’ territory for only $15 million in 1803 by buying France’s Louisiana territory. Although the Louisiana Purchase initially provoked constitutional concerns about Jefferson’s action, Jefferson recognized a good deal and quickly presented the treaty for Senate ratification. In the midst of the Louisiana controversy, Jefferson authorized the highly successful Lewis and Clark expedition for western exploration. Jefferson also dispatched an American fleet to battle the Barbary Pirates, rather than submit to their demands for tribute. Concluding his first term on a wave of popularity, Jefferson enjoyed an overwhelming reelection in 1804. //**Jefferson’s Critics**// Jefferson’s reform efforts, while successful on some fronts, did anger his critics, and contributed to disunity among the Republicans. Angered at the Federalists' attempt to entrench their political power in the national government by the Judiciary Act of 1801, the Republicans repealed the law and then proceeded with their own attempts to remove some and prevent other Federalist judges from obtaining office. While proclaiming victory in //Marbury// v//. Madison// (1803), few Republicans realized that the Supreme Court's decision established the precedent of judicial review of federal statutes. As Federalist power declined, Republicans fell to squabbling amongst themselves. One radical faction, labeled the “Tertium Quids” or “no accounts” by the newspapers, argued that Jefferson's pragmatic policies sacrificed the purity of Republican principles. Vice-President Aaron Burr, hoping to achieve personal power, schemed with dissident Federalists, quarreled with and shot Alexander Hamilton in a duel, and launched a potentially treasonous expedition against the United States. Nonetheless, Chief Justice John Marshall's ruled the evidence against Burr “circumstantial.” Such reasoning acquitted Burr, and ensured that in the future, treason could not be charged lightly or for purely political purposes. Acting upon the charge of the constitutional convention, Congress considered and passed a bill prohibiting the importation of slaves beginning in 1808. Lax American enforcement, however, especially in the South, resulted in continued illegal operations of slave smugglers. //**Embarrassments Overseas**// During Jefferson's second term, a military stalemate in the resumed warfare between Britain and France forced the belligerents into an economic struggle. Owing to its naval superiority, Britain was more successful at this, not only seizing American ships, but also impressing American sailors. The British attack on the American warship //Chesapeake// in 1807 for its refusal to submit to a British search infuriated Americans. Jefferson's recommendation for an embargo of American goods in 1807 failed to win foreign respect for American neutrality. His policy of “peaceable coercion” succeeded only in depressing the economy and angering northern merchants, and was repealed in 1809. Although James Madison won the election of 1808, he proved to be mostly an ineffective president. Poorly designed Republican policies failed to keep us out of war. General William Henry Harrison defeated an Indian army at Tippecanoe, but drove the Indian leader Tecumseh into the arms of the British. Aggressive “War Hawks” in the United States were convinced that war against Britain would restore national honor, remove British aid to western Indians, and open Canada to American expansion. //**The Strange War of 1812**// In spite of early optimism, American war efforts were marred by poor preparation, ineffective leadership, and an ill-designed strategy. Although momentarily preoccupied with Napoleon, Britain appeared no better in executing offensive operations once its full attention could be directed at the United States. In late 1814, disgruntled Federalists gathered at Hartford to protest the war and recommend constitutional changes designed to protect the minority interests of New England. The demands, presented in Washington just as news broke concerning what seemed a successful conclusion to war, made the Federalists appear foolish, if not treacherous, hastening their demise as a political force. The Treaty of Ghent, signed on Christmas Eve 1814, ended the deadlock of war with no major concessions granted by either side. A belated American victory at the Battle of New Orleans led to a widespread conception that the United States had won the War of 1812. //**Conclusion: Republican Legacy**// The early Republican presidents championed a democratic, egalitarian society in which virtuous, independent citizens might pursue their own economic interests. The Republicans, however, had failed to dismantle slavery and incorporate African Americans into their republican scheme.
 * Westward the Course of Empire**
 * Native American Resistance**
 * Commercial Life in the Cities**
 * Jeffersonian Reforms**
 * The Louisiana Purchase**
 * The Lewis and Clark Expedition**
 * Conflict with the Barbary States**
 * Attack on the Judges**
 * Politics of Desperation**
 * Murder and Conspiracy: The Strange Career of Aaron Burr**
 * The Slave Trade**
 * Embargo Divides the Nation**
 * A New Administration Goes to War**
 * Fumbling Toward Conflict**
 * Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists**
 * Treaty of Ghent Ends the War**