A+Guide+To+Foreign+Relations

toc

=1. Early National Era (1789-1800)= Amongst the establishment of the national bank and the excise tax, the U.S. established public credit knowing that the U.S. needed capital to develop economically and to convince the rest of the world that the new government would honor its debts. The policies that Hamilton established gave the United States a sound credit rating, allowing foreign capital to flow into the country, and eventually allow a stable economy.
 * Hamiltonian Plan**

Washington signed Jay’s Treaty with Britain in order to avoid war and encourage commerce. In the treaty, Britain agreed to withdraw its troops from the Ohio Valley and pay damages for American ships the Royal Navy had illegally seized in the years after the Revolutionary War. To many Democratic-Republicans, this transaction was viewed as a new Anglo-American alliance which they opposed.
 * Jay's Treaty**

Seeing this treaty, Spain also agreed to get on friendly terms with the U.S. through Pinckney’s treaty where Spain gave rights to the U.S. to use the Mississippi greatly boosting U.S. trade through the port of New Orleans. In return, the U.S. agreed to nonaggression in the west.
 * Pinckney's Treaty**

Washington chose to remain neutral during the war between France and Britain despite the Franco-American alliance. When ending his term, President George Washington gave his “Farewell Address” where he advised future foreign policy to avoid foreign entanglements. This set a precedent for many future presidents who chose to keep the U.S. in an isolationist state. Later however, this policy would change drastically.
 * Washington's Farewell**

During Adam’s presidency, the French disappointed with the U.S. neutrality, openly seized American ships in an undeclared Quasi-War of 1789-1799. When Adams attempted diplomacy with the French, the French ordered that America pay a huge sum of money to see the French Foreign Minister. Adams firmly refused naming the event the XYZ Affair. This War ended shortly before Adams left office, when he signed the Convention of 180, in which he promised U.S. merchants would not seek payment for seized cargo in exchange for the annulment of the Franco-American alliance.
 * Quasi-War & XYZ Affair**

=2. Jeffersonian/Jacksonian Era (1800-1848)= Jefferson began his dealings with foreign nations with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 where he accepted Napoleon’s offer of $15 million. Jefferson's original motives in negotiating with Napoleon was his desire for the New Orleans Port to further enhance trade. Napoleon however granted him a generous offer of the entire Louisiana territory. Jefferson, although usually adhering to strict interpretation to the constitution, used the concept of loose interpretation to purchase the territory. While his actions were questionable as a president, he knew that doubling the size of the U.S. was highly advantageous and did not let the opportunity to go to waste.The Louisiana Purchase gave Americans control of most of the Mississippi River and ended French dreams of a North American empire.
 * Louisiana Purchase**

Although America remained neutral to the war between Britain and France, war still hurt American trade in the Atlantic. Both French and English navies frequently seized American ships looking for arms, supplies, and other contraband even though the U.S. had declared neutrality. Unable to convince either side to respect American neutral shipping rights, Congress decided to simply restrict trade with Europe passing the Embargo Act in 1807 which prohibited trade with Europe. Congress hoped that the embargo would cripple France and England forcing them to agree to respect U.S. shipping.The Embargo Act however crippled tehd American economy far more than it hurt Britain or France which led to its repeal in 1809.
 * Embargo Act**

Because the Embargo Act had failed, Congress passed the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809 to reopen trade with every country except France and Britain. When this too failed Congress then passed Macon's Bill Number 2 in 1810 to entice Britain and France into recognizing American shipping rights. The bill stated that the U.S. would reward the first of the two to respect American shipping by reinstating the embargo on the country that did not. France agreed to respect American merchants forcing Madison to reinstate the embargo on trade with Britain. However, after constant British aggressions in the seas, Madison heeded to War Hawk demands and declared war on Britain.
 * Non-Intercourse Act and Macon's Bill Number 2**

Americans clamored for war with Britain for two reasons: to defeat the British-backed Native Americans in the Ohio Valley and to defend American shipping rights. While this was true, many Americans in the west wanted to seize more land that the British held. The war ended with a stalemate as each side was incapable of penetrating the others' defenses. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent which stipulated that neither side had gained or lost any territory. Impressment wasn't even mentioned in the treaty. Federalists, unaware that the war had ended, met at the Hartford Convention and threatened secession for the damage on trade that the War of 1812 was causing with Britain. This act was perceived as treason by the people and caused the death of the Federalist Party.
 * War of 1812**

In 1823, John Quincy Adams devised the Monroe Doctrine which was a landmark foreign policy achievement. The Monroe Doctrine stipulated that: - European powers had to stay away from the Americas - Old World Powers could keep the colonies they currently had but could not establish new ones - America would support the growth of democracy throughout the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine allowed Latin American democracies to flourish without fear of war with Spain, France, or Portugal.
 * Monroe Doctrine**

In the April of 1846, Mexican troops supposedly crossed the Rio Grande and attacked American men camped in disputed territory. In response, Congress declared war and defeated the Mexicans quickly and easily. In conclusion, America and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848 ending the war. In the treaty: - Mexico ceded California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming to the U.S. - Mexico lost Texas to the U.S. - The Rio Grande River was now the border between the two nations - The U.S. payed $15 million for lands acquired America had primarily supported the war in the name of manifest Destiny, to expand and acquire more land. By war's end, Americans were excited to spread from coast to coast.
 * Mexican-American War**

=3. 1853-1914= After the .S.S. Maine mysteriously exploded while anchored in Havana Harbor, Americans blamed Spanish Agents and pressured McKinley and congress for war. Congress declared war in 1898, and passed the Teller Amendment promising Cuban independence once the Spaniards were defeated. Americans won the war quickly and received claims to Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam.
 * Spanish - American War**

__**Theodore Roosevelt's Three Major Foreign Policies**__ Theodore Roosevelt sent the first open door notes to Japan and then later to other nations requesting that they respect Chinese rights and free trade.
 * Open Door Policy**

Theodore Roosevelt developed several aggressive foreign policies which included the Big Stick Diplomacy. This diplomacy consisted of forcefully coercing other nations to comply with America's will on a number of occasions. With this diplomacy, he successfully created a revolution in Colombia to gain rights to the Panama Canal.
 * Big Stick Diplomacy**

The Monroe Doctrine was further modified by the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary which gave the U.S. the ability to stabilize nations in the Americas to emphasize the U.S. dominance in Latin America. This corollary declared that the U.S. would collect the debts owed and then pass them on to the European powers. This strengthened the point that only the U.S. could intervene in Latin American Affairs.
 * Roosevelt Corollary**

Taft preferred the use of money to invest American dollars in their economies however despite the investment of millions of dollars in unstable LatinAmerican countries, occupation troops had to be sent to protect those investments, and resulted in greater costs than returns. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy is generally regarded as a failure.
 * Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy**

=4. World War I & 1920s=

Woodrow Wilson: 28th President of the United States
__Moral Diplomacy__ - applying a moral standard in foreign policy, showing that United States respects other nations' rights and help spread democracy -tried to fix the mistakes America has made amongst other nations //Philippines//: Jones Act (grant full territorial status to Philippines, guaranteed bill of rights + male suffrage to Filipinos, promised Philippines independence if a gov't was formed soon) //Puerto Rico//: grant U.S. citizenship to inhabitants + limited self-government //Panama Canal//: repealed U.S. exemption from paying the canal tolls //Mexico//: several things... 1. Tampico Incident: tried to thwart Huerto by doing an arms embargo, and sent American seamen to Tampico; the seamen were captured by Tampico, and Wilson demanded apology; Huerta refused, and so Wilson used the Navy to occupy Vera Cruz 2. Pancho Villa: Villa, opposition to Wilson's allied Carranza, lead raids to U.S.; Wilson stopped
 * 1. First Term (1913-1917):**

//BEFORE//: at the start of the war, U.S. kept its neutrality ...but U.S joined due to: 1. Submarine Warfare -> sunk American ships 2. Economic Allies with France + Britain -> allowed military supplies to trade back and fort the nations freely 3. U.S. became ready for war after awhile 4. Zimmerman Telegram: a telegram to Mexico from the Germain foreign minister that the two nations should ally to attack the U.S. 5. More submarine attacks from Germany
 * 2. Second Term: World War I:**


 * First of all Wilson's campaign: "he kept us out of war", but it changed to: "the world must be made safe for democracy."**

//AFTER//: joined war, and eventually became a world power -when making peace, Wilson decided to use his moral principles to guide him again -presented to Congress the Fourteen Points, which was related to specific territorial questions and the aftermath of war -most controversial point was the last one: creation of the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles: peace conference to end World War I forever -Wilson directly participated the conference to advocate his 14 Points -the victors of World War I wanted to revenge and compensation from Germany, so they were opposed to Wilson's peaceful ideas -Wilson constantly asked for a League of Nations, and the peace plan came down to these: 1. Germany disarmed + stripped of colonies + admit guilt of war + accept French occupation in Rhineland + pay money to Britain and FRance 2. Apply self-determination in areas onctrolled by Germany 3. Signers of treaty will join League of Nations,

EVENTUALLY: America went against the League of Nations (esp. Lodge Commission) RED SCARE: growing fears of socialism fueled by Communist takeover in Russia + labor unrest in home

1920s: Return to Isolationism?
//1. Washington Conference: Secretary of State Hughes tried to create treaties of disarmament// - Five-Power Treaty: five nations with the largest navy will maintain their ratio of warships (US & Britain: 5, Japan: 3, France & Italy: 1.67) - Four-Power Treaty: US + France + Britain + Japan decide to respect each other's territory in the Pacific - Nine-Power Treaty: all nine nations in conference decide to respect Open Door Policy
 * Peace Treaties:**

//2. Kellogg-Briand Pact// - renounced the use of force to acheive national ends - permitted defensive wars + failed in giving punishments to those who perpetuated these ideas

Latin America: Middle East: Secretary of State Hughes earned oil drilling rights Tariffs: Fordney McCumber Tariff (one of the largest tariffs) increased duties -but, the foreign nations also fought back by raising high tariffs
 * Business & Relations**

Republicans wanted France + Britain to pay back their debts as soon as possible 1. Dawes Plan: established cycle of payments from US to Germany, then Germany to the Allies, and then back to the US--providing help and relief for the economy
 * Reconstruction**:

=5. 1920's/ New Deal Era (1933-1938) & World War II= Hoover tried to improve ties between nations: in Nicaragua provide army, in Haiti remove the U.S. troops

FRANKLIN D. Roosevelt & World War II
Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to also further improve ties: 1. Good-Neighbor Policy: to keep in good terms with Latin American nations 2. Pan-American Conferences: U.S. stated that they will never intervene in Latin American matters 3. Cuba: repealed the Platt Amendment 4. Mexico: allowed Mexican countries to take control of the oil fields 5. London Economic Conference: Roosevelt did not decide to go, because he believed the participation will harm America’s interest 6. Accepted Soviet Union as a nation 7. Philippines: allowed Philippines to become its own nation 8. Reciprocal Trade Agreements: lowered tariff in order to increase international trade -America tried to stay isolated from another World War: 1. Neutrality Act of 1935 2. Neutrality Act of 1936 3. Neutrality Act of 1937 -all neutrality acts tried to ban arms shipments to nations -Appeasement was done to the fascist nations by the Allied Powers in order to stop their encroachment -started to increase intervention in the war through: 1. "cash and carry" 2. Selective Service Act: starting a compulsory military service act

FDR: "arsenal of democracy"
-Four Freedoms -Lend-Lease Act: giving money and military supplies to foreign nations -Atlantic Charter: Churchill + Roosevelt -"shoot on sight" -FDR decided to declare war once and for all in 1941 after Pearl Harbor



Aftermath + Military Conferences:
1. **Casablanca**: to attack Sicily + demand "unconditional surrender" from Axis Powers 2. **Teheran**: British + Americans will try to liberate France, Soviet Union will invade Germany 3. **Yalta**: -Germany divided into five zones -free elections in liberated countries of Eastern Europe -Soviet enter war with Japan -Soviet controls half of Sakhalin island + Kurilie Island -new U.N. 4. **Potsdam**: -ask Japan for an "unconditional surrender: -hold war-criminal trials amongst Nazi generals 5. **United Nations** -international organization that focuses on the peace of the world -an effective version of the League of Nations

=TR6. Cold War (1945-1980s) - taken care by Zea + Lisa=

Truman Administration: CONTAINMENT
-a policy that was suggested by his George Kennan, who was a Soviet expert, that stated that the United States will contain the Soviet's aggression. 1. Truman Doctrine - provide $400 million to Greece and Turkey in order to assist the democratic regimes against the communist regime, eventually this doctrine was one of the first steps that America took in order prevent communism and a successful one also. 2. Marshall Plan - U.S. economic aid to help the European nations revive their economies, and make communism less appealing. This was a $12 billion aid and was allowed to be spread throughout the Western European, and though both the Eastern European nations and the Soviet Union were offered this help: they rejected it. The Marshall Plan eventually was a successful policy by the Americans in order to halt communism within the Western Europe. 3. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - it was a military organization to defend all its members from incoming attack. It was a united military alliance to could help the Soviet's aggression in many different ways, and is still a successful policy enacted the United States

Eisenhower Administration: MASSIVE RETALIATION + brinksmanship
1. Covert Actions - Covert operations was a series of assassinations that Eisenhower and the CIA planned in order to bring down certain communist regimes around the world and implement democratic regimes in order to halt communism. 2. SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) - the SEATO was a direct mirror to what the NATO was supposed to do. The SEATO focused on having a military alliance within the Southeast Asian nations that America had influence on. 3. Suez Crisis - A crisis that erupted when President Nassar in Egypt tried to nationalize the oil mines that the US and Western nations owned. Eventually Eisenhower was furious over these course of actions and so he condemned Egypt for carrying out such activity and eventually Britain and France both lost power due time. 4. Eisenhower Doctrine - Eisenhower decided to provide economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country that was threatened by communism. This was a similar idea to the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan in that it tried to halt communism through a series of aid. 5. OPEC (Organization of Petroeleum Exporting Countries): The OPEC was an organization to deal with issues regarding the trade of oil and was heavily biased towards the Arab nationalism. Eventually these nations decided to enact an oil embargo to the United States, in course of the actions they taken during the course of time.

JFK Administration: flexible response
1. Cuban Missile Crisis: The Cuban missile crisis was one of the Cold War's "brinksmanship' moments, in which United States was on the verge of going into war with the Soviet Union. Eventua

Johnson Administration
1. Tonkin Resolution + Tet Offensive

Nixon Administration: Vietnamization + Detente
1. Detente

Carter Administration: Human Rights Diplomacy
1. Panama Canal 2. Camp David Accords 3. Iran + Hostage Crisis

Reagan Administration:
1. Iran-contra affair 2. PLO

=Works Cited= 1. " The Yalta Conference of 1945." //Crimea — Tourism, Photos, News & History on Perekop.net//. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2011. <[|__http://www.perekop.net/the-yalta-conference-of-1945/__]>.

2. "Alex's Project Webpage." //Champaign Unit 4 Schools//. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2011. <[|__http://www.champaignschools.org/central/business/johnson/5thsp2009/aroux/people.html__]>.

3. "DQ's Windmill." //DQ's Windmill//. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2011. <[|__http://donna-quixote.blogspot.com/__]>.

4. "Woodrow Wilson and the roots of Progressivism." //Thoughts From A Conservative Mom//. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2011. <[|__http://www.thoughtsfromaconservativemom.com/?p=5109__]>.